Mahatma Gandhi - Wikipedia. Mahatma. Mohandas Gandhi. Born. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi(1. October 1. 86. 9Porbandar State, Kathiawar Agency, British Indian Empire. There shall be a Viva voce examination in the final year (part III) of the Political Science (Hons.) carrying 100 marks. Reading list will be updated by the Department at the.Daha sonra yoluna at. A peace movement is a social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or all wars), minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or type of situation, including ban guns, and often. Employing nonviolentcivil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific. Mahatma (Sanskrit: . He is also called Bapu (Gujarati: endearment for . In common parlance in India he is often called Gandhiji. He is unofficially called the Father of the Nation. After his return to India in 1. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1. Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, but above all for achieving Swaraj or self- rule. Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British- imposed salt tax with the 4. Dandi Salt March in 1. British to Quit India in 1. He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Gandhi attempted to practise nonviolence and truth in all situations, and advocated that others do the same. He lived modestly in a self- sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn hand- spun on a charkha. He ate simple vegetarian food, and also undertook long fasts as a means of both self- purification and social protest.
Gandhi's vision of an independent India based on religious pluralism, however, was challenged in the early 1. Muslim nationalism which was demanding a separate Muslim homeland carved out of India. Eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook several fasts unto death to promote religious harmony. The last of these, undertaken on 1. January 1. 94. 8 at age 7. His father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi (1. Successive generations of the family served as civil servants in the state administration before Uttamchand, Mohandas's grandfather, became diwan in the early 1. Rana of Porbandar, Khimojiraji. She soon fell out with Uttamchand and forced him to return to his ancestral village in Junagadh. While in Junagadh, Uttamchand appeared before its Nawab and saluted him with his left hand instead of his right, replying that his right hand was pledged to Porbandar's service. His first two wives died young, after each had given birth to a daughter, and his third marriage was childless. In 1. 85. 7, Karamchand sought his third wife's permission to remarry; that year, he married Putlibai (1. As a child, Gandhi was described by his sister Raliat as . One of his favourite pastimes was twisting dogs' ears. In his autobiography, he admits that they left an indelible impression on his mind. Gandhi's father was Hindu. Religious figures were frequent visitors to the home. To keep two or three consecutive fasts was nothing to her. Possibly as a result, in 1. Karamchand left Porbandar for the smaller state of Rajkot, where he became a counsellor to its ruler, the Thakur Sahib; though Rajkot was a less prestigious state than Porbandar, the British regional political agency was located there, which gave the state's diwan a measure of security. His family then rejoined him in Rajkot. At school, he was taught the rudiments of arithmetic, history, the Gujarati language and geography. He passed the examinations with a creditable average of 6. One of the terminal reports rated him as . A Muslim friend of his elder brother Karsandas, named Sheikh Mehtab, befriended Mohandas and encouraged the strictly vegetarian boy to try eating meat to improve his stamina. He also took Mohandas to a brothel one day, though Mohandas . As experimenting with meat- eating and carnal pleasures only brought Mohandas mental anguish, he abandoned both and the company of Mehtab, though they would maintain their association for many years afterwards. The double tragedy haunted Mohandas throughout his life, . It is a blot I have never been able to efface or forget.. I was weighed and found unpardonably wanting because my mind was at the same moment in the grip of lust. He passed with an overall average of 4. During his first and only term there, he suffered from headaches and strong feelings of homesickness, did very poorly in his exams in April and withdrew from the college at the end of the term, returning to Porbandar. Gandhi's uncle Tulsidas also tried to dissuade his nephew. Finally, Gandhi made a vow to his mother in the presence of a Jain monk to observe the precepts of sexual abstinence as well as abstinence from meat and alcohol, after which Putlibai gave her permission and blessing. Upon arrival in the port, he was met by the head of the Modh Bania community, who had known Gandhi's family. Having learned of Gandhi's plans, he and other elders warned Gandhi that he would be excommunicated if he did not obey their wishes and remain in India. After Gandhi reiterated his intentions to leave for England, the elders declared him an outcast. His time in London was influenced by the vow he had made to his mother. Gandhi tried to adopt . However, he could not appreciate the bland vegetarian food offered by his landlady and was frequently hungry until he found one of London's few vegetarian restaurants. Influenced by Henry Salt's writing, he joined the Vegetarian Society, was elected to its executive committee. They encouraged Gandhi to join them in reading the Bhagavad Gita both in translation as well as in the original. He returned to Rajkot to make a modest living drafting petitions for litigants, but he was forced to stop when he ran foul of a British officer. He spent 2. 1 years in South Africa, where he developed his political views, ethics and political leadership skills. Gandhi considered them all to be Indians, taking a lifetime view that . He believed he could bridge historic differences, especially regarding religion, and he took that belief back to India where he tried to implement it. The South African experience exposed handicaps to Gandhi that he had not known about. He realised he was out of contact with the enormous complexities of religious and cultural life in India, and believed he understood India by getting to know and leading Indians in South Africa. He was thrown off a train at Pietermaritzburg after refusing to move from the first- class. He protested and was allowed on first class the next day. In another incident, the magistrate of a Durban court ordered Gandhi to remove his turban, which he refused to do. Gandhi was kicked by a police officer out of the footpath onto the street without warning. After witnessing racism, prejudice, and injustice against Indians in South Africa, Gandhi began to question his place in society and his people's standing in the British Empire. He asked Joseph Chamberlain, the British Colonial Secretary, to reconsider his position on this bill. He helped found the Natal Indian Congress in 1. In January 1. 89. Gandhi landed in Durban, a mob of white settlers attacked him. However, he refused to press charges against any member of the mob, stating it was one of his principles not to seek redress for a personal wrong in a court of law. At a mass protest meeting held in Johannesburg on 1. September that year, Gandhi adopted his still evolving methodology of Satyagraha (devotion to the truth), or nonviolent protest, for the first time. The community adopted this plan, and during the ensuing seven- year struggle, thousands of Indians were jailed, flogged, or shot for striking, refusing to register, for burning their registration cards or engaging in other forms of nonviolent resistance. The smaller population of Chinese in South Africa also aligned themselves with the movement and were also jailed for defying registration laws. Gandhi's ideas took shape, and the concept of Satyagraha matured during this struggle. When he returned to India in 1. Bhana and Vahed argue that Gandhi, at first, shared racial notions prevalent of the times and that his experiences in jail sensitised him to the plight of South Africa's indigenous peoples. He wanted to disprove the British idea that Hindus were not fit for . Gandhi raised eleven hundred Indian volunteers. They were trained and medically certified to serve on the front lines. They were auxiliaries at the Battle of Colenso to a White volunteer ambulance corps; then at Spion Kop Gandhi and his bearers moved to the front line and had to carry wounded soldiers for miles to a field hospital because the terrain was too rough for the ambulances. Gandhi was pleased when someone said that European ambulance corpsmen could not make the trip under the heat without food or water. General Redvers Buller mentioned the courage of the Indians in his dispatch. Gandhi and thirty- seven other Indians received the Boer War Medal. This corps was commanded by Gandhi and operated for less than two months. Andrews, Gandhi returned to India in 1. He brought an international reputation as a leading Indian nationalist, theorist and organiser. He joined the Indian National Congress and was introduced to Indian issues, politics and the Indian people primarily by Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Gokhale was a key leader of the Congress Party best known for his restraint and moderation, and his insistence on working inside the system. Gandhi took Gokhale's liberal approach based on British Whiggish traditions and transformed it to make it look wholly Indian. The British did not recognise the declaration but negotiations ensued, with the Congress taking a role in provincial government in the late 1. Gandhi and the Congress withdrew their support of the Raj when the Viceroy declared war on Germany in September 1. Tensions escalated until Gandhi demanded immediate independence in 1. British responded by imprisoning him and tens of thousands of Congress leaders. Meanwhile, the Muslim League did co- operate with Britain and moved, against Gandhi's strong opposition, to demands for a totally separate Muslim state of Pakistan.
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